TAKEOVER

An expert account of the dizzying months when Hitler solidified his power in Germany.

Some readers may be shocked when Ryback, author of Hitler’s Private Library and The Last Survivor, points out that Hitler’s assumption of absolute power was executed legally. His failed 1923 coup made him famous as a hypernationalistic right-wing fanatic, one of many in post–World War I Germany. His brown shirts were thugs, and his rhetoric was hateful, but the National Socialists became a legitimate political party, participating in elections throughout the 1920s and winning a few seats until the devastating Depression, after which membership exploded. Ryback begins his riveting account in July 1932, when the party won 37% of the vote, making Hitler a legitimate candidate for chancellor. Germany’s conservative establishment included national icon Paul von Hindenburg, who was president, a position that held the power to appoint the chancellor. All shared Hitler’s hatred of communism, the Treaty of Versailles, and the “haggling and compromise” essential to “weak-kneed democracies.” Hitler enjoyed scattered conservative support, but most were put off by his fanaticism and his followers’ savagery. Hindenburg disliked him and, in a painful August interview, announced that he would not be appointed. Of course, this infuriated Hitler, and readers curious to learn his ultimately successful tactics may be shocked that he simply went on as before, with equal fanaticism. His Nazis did not tone down their violence, and the times worked in his favor. Germany was a mess, with rampant unemployment and a wildly unpopular government. The fear of a communist revolution, far more than right-wing vulgarity, obsessed conservatives. No more rational than Hitler, in early 1933, they convinced themselves that they were clever enough to control Hitler as chancellor. Everyone knows how that turned out.

A masterfully narrated story of how a democracy committed suicide, with lessons for today.